{"id":13971,"date":"2022-03-21T17:54:40","date_gmt":"2022-03-21T14:54:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/?p=13971"},"modified":"2022-03-24T20:28:54","modified_gmt":"2022-03-24T17:28:54","slug":"pistachio-seed-wasp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/pistachio-seed-wasp\/","title":{"rendered":"The pistachio seed wasp. A significant insect pest of the pistachio."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>The pistachio seed wasp<br>Scientific name: <em>\u0395urytoma plotnikovi<\/em><br>Family: <em>Eurytomidae <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These insects are 4-5 mm long, and the females are larger than the males, with a brown-black head and thorax, red-yellow abdomen and red eyes; males are black with yellow-red legs and resemble small wasps. The have one generation per year. They overwinter as full-grown larvae (worms 6 mm long, off-white, cone-shaped, humpbacked) in the mummified pistachio nuts remaining on the tree after harvest, or on the ground. From late May to late June, larvae pupate and turn into adults which emerge at the same time as the nut, opening a hole at its base. Females insert one egg inside each unripe pistachio near its tip, leaving the nut vulnerable to fungi that impact production. The pistachio seed wasp reproduces by thelytokousparthenogenesis (only females are produced from unfertilized eggs), whereas males are very scarce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pathogens often invade through the point of entry and further affect yield.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Damage is mostly caused by larvae that initially feed on the still-tender inner walls of the nut and later on the developing seed. The infested nuts turn black and remain on the trees even after leaf fall, unlike blank or fungus-infested nuts that fall earlier. Damage can be as high as 95% of the yield.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>CONTROL<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>ORGANIC<\/strong><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Gathering and burning of all nuts remaining on the trees after harvest no later than April (along with cluster prune out).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>CHEMICAL<\/strong><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Placement of cages covered with fine muslin and filled with infested nuts into field conditions. Treatment with suitable pesticides 3 days after the appearance of adults in the monitoring cages or as soon as the nut appears (from mid-April). Treatment is repeated every week for 4 weeks or until nut-shell hardening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-3 is-cropped has-lightbox wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"530\" src=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-01.jpg\" alt=\"\u039d\u03b5\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd.\" data-id=\"9600\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-01.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/blog-eyrytomo-web-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-9600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-01.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-01-300x227.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Young larva, just hatched and feeding on the inside of the nut<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"525\" src=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-03.jpg\" alt=\"\u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf.\" data-id=\"9602\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-03.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/blog-eyrytomo-web-03\/\" class=\"wp-image-9602\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-03.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-03-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Damaged pistachio nut with pistachio seed wasp larva visible inside<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"525\" src=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-04.jpg\" alt=\"\u039f\u03c0\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.\" data-id=\"9603\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-04.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/blog-eyrytomo-web-04\/\" class=\"wp-image-9603\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-04.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-04-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Hole at the base of previous year\u2019s nut from which the mature pistachio seed wasp has exited after wintering<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"525\" src=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-06.jpg\" alt=\"\u0398\u03c5\u03bb\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03b3\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2.\" data-id=\"9605\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-06.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/blog-eyrytomo-web-06\/\" class=\"wp-image-9605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-06.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-06-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Female pistachio seed wasp ready to insert egg into the pistachio<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"525\" src=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-07.jpg\" alt=\"\u0391\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf.\" data-id=\"9606\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-07.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/blog-eyrytomo-web-07\/\" class=\"wp-image-9606\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-07.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-07-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Male pistachio seed wasp<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-08.jpg\" alt=\"\u0398\u03c5\u03bb\u03b7\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03b3\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2.\" data-id=\"9607\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-08.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/blog-eyrytomo-web-08\/\" class=\"wp-image-9607\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-08.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-08-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-08-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Female pistachio seed wasp ready to insert egg into the pistachio<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-09.jpg\" alt=\"\u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.\" data-id=\"9608\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-09.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/blog-eyrytomo-web-09\/\" class=\"wp-image-9608\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-09.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-09-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-09-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Pistachio seed wasp which has exited from previous year\u2019s nuts collected in an improvised trap<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-12.jpg\" alt=\"\u039a\u03bb\u03c9\u03b2\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.\" data-id=\"9611\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-12.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/blog-eyrytomo-web-12\/\" class=\"wp-image-9611\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-12.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-12-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-12-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Cage for monitoring the exit of the pistachio seed wasp with previous year\u2019s nuts<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"665\" src=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-02.jpg\" alt=\"\u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2.\" data-id=\"9601\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-02.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/blog-eyrytomo-web-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-9601\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-02.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-02-300x285.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Mummified nuts which remained on the tree until Spring and contribute to infestation of next year\u2019s crop by the pistachio seed wasp<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"525\" src=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-10.jpg\" alt=\"\u0396\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03af \u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf.\" data-id=\"9609\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-10.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/blog-eyrytomo-web-10\/\" class=\"wp-image-9609\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-10.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-10-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Pistachios damaged by pistachio seed wasp<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-11.jpg\" alt=\"\u0396\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf.\" data-id=\"9610\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-11.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/blog-eyrytomo-web-11\/\" class=\"wp-image-9610\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-11.jpg 700w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-11-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aeginapages.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BLOG-EYRYTOMO-WEB-11-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Damage caused by pistachio seed wasp<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">Athanasia Chatziperi, Agronomist, Attica Region<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The pistachio seed waspScientific name: \u0395urytoma plotnikoviFamily: Eurytomidae These insects are 4-5 mm long, and the females are larger than the males, with a brown-black head and thorax, red-yellow abdomen and red eyes; males are black with yellow-red legs and resemble small wasps. The have one generation per year. They overwinter as full-grown larvae (worms [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":9675,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1862],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13971","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pistachio-tree"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The pistachio seed wasp. 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The have one generation per year. 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